autosomal dominant

Glaucoma, Congenital Primary E

Clinical Characteristics
Ocular Features: 

Glaucoma is usually present at birth but sometimes not detected for several months.  Intraocular pressures are generally greater than 21 mm Hg.  Increased optic nerve cupping greater than 40% was also used to make the diagnosis in many individuals.  Ten families have been reported and in half the disease was unilateral only.

Systemic Features: 

No consistent systemic features are present.

Genetics

Heterozygous mutations in the TEK (9p21.2) gene (600221) are responsible for this disorder.  The TEK receptor is a tyrosine kinase primarily expressed in endothelial cells in mice, rats and humans.  In Tek-knockout mice Schlemm's canal and the trabecular meshwork are hypoplastic and dysmorphic.

For additional mutations and congenital glaucoma conditions see Glaucoma, Congenital Primary A.

Pedigree: 
Autosomal dominant
Treatment
Treatment Options: 

Standard glaucoma therapies should be applied early and lifelong monitoring is necessary.

References
Article Title: 

Angiopoietin receptor TEK mutations underlie primary congenital glaucoma with variable expressivity

Souma T, Tompson SW, Thomson BR, Siggs OM, Kizhatil K, Yamaguchi S, Feng L, Limviphuvadh V, Whisenhunt KN, Maurer-Stroh S, Yanovitch TL, Kalaydjieva L, Azmanov DN, Finzi S, Mauri L, Javadiyan S, Souzeau E, Zhou T, Hewitt AW, Kloss B, Burdon KP, Mackey DA, Allen KF, Ruddle JB, Lim SH, Rozen S, Tran-Viet KN, Liu X, John S, Wiggs JL, Pasutto F, Craig JE, Jin J, Quaggin SE, Young TL. Angiopoietin receptor TEK mutations underlie primary congenital glaucoma with variable expressivity. J Clin Invest. 2016 Jul 1;126(7):2575-87.

PubMed ID: 
27270174

ZTTK Syndrome

Clinical Characteristics
Ocular Features: 

The eyes are deep-set and the palpebral fissures slant downward.  Optic atrophy is often present.  The majority of individuals have poor visual responses which may also be attributed to central or cortical impairment.  Strabismus and nystagmus are frequently present.

Systemic Features: 

ZTTK syndrome is multisystem malformation and developmental disorder with a heterogeneous clinical presentation.  The facial features might suggest the diagnosis at birth but most of the signs are nonspecific including frontal bossing, underdevelopment of the midface, facial asymmetry, low-set ears, broad and/or depressed nasal bridge, and a short philtrum.  Poor feeding and hypotonia in the neonatal period are usually present and physical growth is subnormal resulting in short stature.

Brain imaging may show abnormal gyral patterns, ventriculomegaly, hypoplasia of the corpus callosum, cerebellar hypoplasia, arachnoid cysts, and loss of periventricular white matter.  About half of patients develop seizures and many have intellectual disabilities.  Spinal anomalies include hemivertebrae with scoliosis and/or kyphosis.  Other skeletal features include joint laxity in some patients and contractures in others.  Arachnodactyly, craniosynostosis, and rib anomalies have been reported.  There may be malformations in the GI, GU, and cardiac systems while immune and coagulation abnormalities have also been reported.

Genetics

Heterozygous mutations in the SON gene (21q22.11) have been identified in patients with this condition.  They may cause truncation of the gene product with haploinsufficiency or, in other patients, a frameshift in the reading.  The SON gene is a master RNA splicing regulator that impacts neurodevelopment.

Virtually all cases are the result of de novo mutations.

Pedigree: 
Autosomal dominant
Treatment
Treatment Options: 

No effective treatment has been reported.  Physical therapy and assistive devices may be helpful.

References
Article Title: 

De Novo Truncating Variants in SON Cause Intellectual Disability, Congenital Malformations, and Failure to Thrive

Tokita MJ, Braxton AA, Shao Y, Lewis AM, Vincent M, Kury S, Besnard T, Isidor B, Latypova X, Bezieau S, Liu P, Motter CS, Melver CW, Robin NH, Infante EM, McGuire M, El-Gharbawy A, Littlejohn RO, McLean SD, Bi W, Bacino CA, Lalani SR, Scott DA, Eng CM, Yang Y, Schaaf CP, Walkiewicz MA. De Novo Truncating Variants in SON Cause Intellectual Disability, Congenital Malformations, and Failure to Thrive. Am J Hum Genet. 2016 Sep 1;99(3):720-7.

PubMed ID: 
27545676

De Novo Mutations in SON Disrupt RNA Splicing of Genes Essential for Brain Development and Metabolism, Causing an Intellectual-Disability Syndrome

Kim JH, Shinde DN, Reijnders MR, Hauser NS, Belmonte RL, Wilson GR, Bosch DG, Bubulya PA, Shashi V, Petrovski S, Stone JK, Park EY, Veltman JA, Sinnema M, Stumpel CT, Draaisma JM, Nicolai J; University of Washington Center for Mendelian Genomics, Yntema HG, Lindstrom K, de Vries BB, Jewett T, Santoro SL, Vogt J; Deciphering Developmental Disorders Study, Bachman KK, Seeley AH, Krokosky A, Turner C, Rohena L, Hempel M, Kortum F, Lessel D, Neu A, Strom TM, Wieczorek D, Bramswig N, Laccone FA, Behunova J, Rehder H, Gordon CT, Rio M, Romana S, Tang S, El-Khechen D, Cho MT, McWalter K, Douglas G, Baskin B, Begtrup A, Funari T, Schoch K, Stegmann AP, Stevens SJ, Zhang DE, Traver D, Yao X, MacArthur DG, Brunner HG, Mancini GM, Myers RM, Owen LB, Lim ST, Stachura DL, Vissers LE, Ahn EY. De Novo Mutations in SON Disrupt RNA Splicing of Genes Essential for Brain Development and Metabolism, Causing an Intellectual-Disability Syndrome. Am J Hum Genet. 2016 Sep 1;99(3):711-9.

PubMed ID: 
27545680

Aniridia 3

Clinical Characteristics
Ocular Features: 

One 4-generation Chinese family with 8 affected members has been reported. Complete bilateral iris defects were seen all patients who by 10 years of age also had cataracts.  No corneal opacities were seen.  Two patients were diagnosed with glaucoma.  No fundus abnormalities were reported.

Systemic Features: 

No systemic abnormalities have been reported. 

Genetics

Hereditary aniridia results from a dysfunction of the regulatory gene PAX6.  In aniridia 1 (106210) the PAX6 gene (a transcription regulator) gene itself contains mutations.  In anirdia 2 (617141) the mutation occurs in the ELP4 gene, whose product is a cis-regulatory enhancer of PAX6. 

Aniridia 3 results from heterozygous mutations in the TRIM44 gene (11p13).  The TRIM44 gene is a negative regulator which normally suppresses the expression of PAX6 and the reported missense mutation (p.G155R) enhances its activity.

Pedigree: 
Autosomal dominant
Treatment
Treatment Options: 

Surgical removal of cataracts and glaucoma treatment may be of benefit.

Aniridia 2

Clinical Characteristics
Ocular Features: 

A 17-year-old male with this condition was diagnosed at the age of two years with bilateral iris hypoplasia.  Cataracts were seen at the age of 17 years.  There was no foveal depression.

In a 5 generation Chinese family there were additional signs including optic atrophy, ectopia lentis, pigmentary retinopathy, and 'dysplasia' of the trabecular meshwork in 5 members.

Systemic Features: 

No systemic abnormalities have been reported.  A single extensively studied patient, who had no developmental problems, was normal by renal ultrasound, audiometric studies, and neurologic evaluations.

Genetics

Autosomal dominant aniridia is the result of PAX6 (a transcription regulator gene) dysfunction.  In the majority of cases there are mutations in the PAX6 gene itself as in AN1.  There are reports, however, of familial aniridia in which direct PAX6 mutations have been excluded.  Two additional forms of aniridia in which there are alterations in genes that modulate the expression of PAX6 have been reported.  AN2 described here with mutations in ELP4, a nucleotide variant within an intron of the ELP4 gene (11p13) located distal to the 3-prime end of the PAX6 gene, plus AN3 (617142) with mutations in TRIM44.  Both ELP4 and TRIM44 are regulators of the PAX6 transcription gene.

Aniridia 2 has been reported in one patient with a nucleotide variant within an intron of the ELP4 gene (11p13) located distal to the 3-prime end of the PAX6 gene.  The gene product is a cis-regulatory enhancer.  

Other evidence for aniridia resulting from regulatory modification of PAX6 gene function comes from families in which there are structural alterations such as deletions in chromosome 11, downstream of the PAX6 gene location.

Pedigree: 
Autosomal dominant
Treatment
Treatment Options: 

Treatment has not been reported.

References
Article Title: 

A deletion 3' to the PAX6 gene in familial aniridia cases

D'Elia AV, Pellizzari L, Fabbro D, Pianta A, Divizia MT, Rinaldi R, Grammatico B, Grammatico P, Arduino C, Damante G. A deletion 3' to the PAX6 gene in familial aniridia cases. Mol Vis. 2007 Jul 23;13:1245-50.
 

PubMed ID: 
17679951

Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome 2

Clinical Characteristics
Ocular Features: 

Highly-arched and bushy eyebrows are often seen.  The lashes are long and bushy and lid fissures tend to slope downward.

The ocular phenotype has not been fully described no doubt due to the rarity of cases.  Individuals with type 1 (RSTS1) have been described with congenital glaucoma, nystagmus, corneal abnormalities of shape (such as keratoglobus, sclerocornea, megalocornea), pigmentary retinopathy, and VEP evidence of rod and cone dysfunction have been described.

Systemic Features: 

The phenotype of RSTS2 is more variable than the somewhat similar RSTS1.  Less than 10% of individuals with Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome have type 2 while over 50% have type 1.  The facial dysmorphism nay be less severe in RSTS2.

Mild to moderate intellectual disability with psychosocial problems such as autism is nearly universal.  Microcephaly, a broad nasal bridge, a beaked nose, high-arched palate and some degree of micrognathia are characteristic.  The lower lip often appears 'pouty' and protrudes beyond the upper lip while the hard palate is highly arched.  Pregnancy may be complicated by pre-eclampsia and growth restriction.  Swallowing and feeding issues are common.  Syndactyly is often present and there is considerable variability in the size of the toes and thumbs.  Some patients with RSTS2 do not have evidence of the classic broad thumbs and toes characteristic of RSTS1.

Genetics

Heterozygous mutations in EP300 (22q13.2) have been found in this condition.  Virtually all cases occur de novo.  Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome 1 (180849) is a phenotypically similar disorder resulting from a different mutation (CREBBP).

Pedigree: 
Autosomal dominant
Treatment
Treatment Options: 

There is no treatment for this condition.

References
Article Title: 

Retinitis Pigmentosa 42

Clinical Characteristics
Ocular Features: 

The fundus phenotype of retinitis pigmentosa appears late.  Night vision difficulties are prominent symptoms but the age of onset is unknown. Reduction in visual acuity is variable and is usually not manifest until 50 years of age but it may remain near normal or in that range for another decade or two.  Concentric constriction (within 10-20 central degrees) in peripheral fields can be a presenting symptom and may not appear until age 65 years of age.  Patches of visual field retention can sometimes be demonstrated in the periphery.  Rod and cone full field ERG amplitudes are substantially reduced

Systemic Features: 

None.

Genetics

Heterozygous mutations in KLHL7 (7p15.3) segregate with the clinical phenotype.

Homozygous mutations in the KLHL7 gene cause cold-induced sweating syndrome 3 (CISS3) (617055).

Pedigree: 
Autosomal dominant
Treatment
Treatment Options: 

None known.

References
Article Title: 

Mutations in a BTB-Kelch protein, KLHL7, cause autosomal-dominant retinitis pigmentosa

Friedman JS, Ray JW, Waseem N, Johnson K, Brooks MJ, Hugosson T, Breuer D, Branham KE, Krauth DS, Bowne SJ, Sullivan LS, Ponjavic V, Granse L, Khanna R, Trager EH, Gieser LM, Hughbanks-Wheaton D, Cojocaru RI, Ghiasvand NM, Chakarova CF, Abrahamson M, Goring HH, Webster AR, Birch DG, Abecasis GR, Fann Y, Bhattacharya SS, Daiger SP, Heckenlively JR, Andreasson S, Swaroop A. Mutations in a BTB-Kelch protein, KLHL7, cause autosomal-dominant retinitis pigmentosa. Am J Hum Genet. 2009 Jun;84(6):792-800.

PubMed ID: 
19520207

Duane Retraction Syndrome 3

Clinical Characteristics
Ocular Features: 

This type of Duane syndrome usually has limitation of both abduction and adduction.  It may be unilateral but more often is bilateral.  Attempted adduction is accompanied by globe retraction and narrowing of the lid fissure.  MRI and postmortem examination reveals absence or hypoplasia of the abducens nerve with aberrant innervation of the lateral rectus by the oculomotor nerve in some individuals with Duane retraction syndrome.  

Amblyopia is a risk.

Systemic Features: 

Sensorineural hearing loss (unilateral or bilateral) may accompany the strabismus profile as reported among 3 of 4 individuals in a single family.  CT imaging of the temporal bone in one patient revealed a cystic common-cavity anomaly.

Genetics

Type 3 Duane syndrome is an autosomal dominant condition resulting from heterozygous mutations in the MAFB gene (20q12).  Both single base pair and full gene deletions cause loss of gene function and a dominant-negative effect.

This database also contains two additional forms of  autosomal dominant isolated Duane syndrome: DURS 1 (126800) and DURS 2 (604356).

Pedigree: 
Autosomal dominant
Treatment
Treatment Options: 

Extraocular muscle surgery may improve ocular motility.  Monitoring for amblyopia is important with appropriate treatment as indicated.  Assistive hearing devices may be beneficial.  

References
Article Title: 

Marfan Lipodystrophy Syndrome

Clinical Characteristics
Ocular Features: 

The eyes are large resulting in high myopia and apparent proptosis.  The palpebral fissures usually slant downwards and ectopia lentis may be present.  

Systemic Features: 

This syndrome shares many features of Marfan syndrome (154700) such as tall stature, dislocated lenses, myopia, high arched palate, aortic root and valvular anomalies, arachnodactyly, high arched palate, lax and hyperextensible joints, and pectus excavatum.  In addition, MFLS patients have retrognathia, intrauterine growth retardation, scarce or absent subcutaneous fat, a progeroid facies, and sometimes macrocephaly.  Postnatal growth and psychomotor development have been reported to be normal albeit with slow weight gain.

Genetics

This condition is transmitted as an autosomal dominant as the result of heterozygous mutations in FBN1 (15q21.1).  The same gene is mutated in 6 other conditions in this database including Marfan Syndrome (154700) with which it shares some features.

Pedigree: 
Autosomal dominant
Treatment
Treatment Options: 

There is no treatment for the overall condition but individual features such as ectopia lentis can be surgically corrected.  Patients with high myopia require frequent evaluation for retinal tears and detachments.  Cardiac monitoring likewise is important to monitor for aortic valve prolapse and dilation of the aortic root.

References
Article Title: 

Spinocerebellar Ataxia 42

Clinical Characteristics
Ocular Features: 

 Saccadic eye movements with nystagmus and diplopia have been reported (7 of 10 reported patients).

Systemic Features: 

Cerebellar signs usually have their onset in midlife or later with slow progression.  Most patients are mildly to moderately disabled.  Dysarthria, dysphagia, and a spastic gait are experienced by the majority of individuals.  Hyperreflexia and a positive Babinski sign are commonly presently.  Mild cognitive impairment and depression have been seen in a minority of patients.

Brain MRIs show cerebellar hemispheric and vermian atrophy.  The cerebral cortex appeared histologically normal in one deceased patient.

Genetics

This disorder is caused by heterozygous mutations in the CACNA1G gene (17q21.33).

Pedigree: 
Autosomal dominant
Treatment
Treatment Options: 

No treatment has been reported.

References
Article Title: 

Eye Movement Disorders with CACNA1A Mutations

Clinical Characteristics
Ocular Features: 

Eye movement disorders secondary to CACNA1A mutations include congenital nystagmus, abnormal saccades and paroxysmal tonic upgaze and can be early indicators of underlying neurologic disease.  The median age of presentation in one series was 1.2 years.

Systemic Features: 

Eye movement disorders form a group of conditions that may occur in isolation but can also be associated with underlying neurological disease (vida infra).

Genetics

Heterozygous mutations in the CACNA1A gene (19p13.13) have been associated with a number of conditions including type 2 episodic ataxia (108500), familial hemiplegic migraine 1 (141500), and 2 (602481), spinocerebellar ataxia 6 (183086), and several types of eye movement disorders including congenital nystagmus, abnormal saccades, and paroxysmal tonic upgaze. 

The gene product is a transmembrane pore-forming subunit of a voltage-gated calcium channel expressed abundantly in neuronal tissue.

Pedigree: 
Autosomal dominant
Treatment
Treatment Options: 

The use of calcium channel blockers may have some benefit in preventing severe hemiplegic migraine.

References
Article Title: 

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