short stature

Short Stature, Hearing Loss, Retinitis Pigmentosa, and Distinctive Facies

Clinical Characteristics
Ocular Features: 

Two of 3 patients from 2 unrelated German families had myopia and the fundus changes of retinitis pigmentosa.  One was a 28-year-old male and the other was a 44-year-old female from the other family.  In addition, the female was described as having a corneal dystrophy and glaucoma and the male was noted to have nystagmus.

Systemic Features: 

Patients have a marked shortness of stature which may be evident in the first years of life.   Brachydactyly with broad thumbs is present.  Mild intellectual disability is usually a feature as are a high forehead, deep-set eyes, short and upslanting palpebral fissures, and a short nose with anteverted nares. A wide nasal base with thin upper lips, and low-set posteriorly rotated ears may be noted.  Speech is usually delayed and a progressive sensorineural hearing loss may develop in the first few years of life.  Patients appear to age prematurely with sparse hair and arterial hypertension.

MRI imaging may reveal cerebellar atrophy and dysmyelination.  One individual had calcifications in the basal ganglia and thalamus.

Genetics

Homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in the EXOSC2 gene (9p34) are responsible for this condition.Homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in the EXOSC2 gene (9p34) are responsible for this condition.

Pedigree: 
Autosomal recessive
Treatment
Treatment Options: 

No treatment has been reported.

References
Article Title: 

Mutations in EXOSC2 are associated with a novel syndrome characterised by retinitis pigmentosa, progressive hearing loss, premature ageing, short stature, mild intellectual disability and distinctive gestalt

Di Donato N, Neuhann T, Kahlert AK, Klink B, Hackmann K, Neuhann I, Novotna B, Schallner J, Krause C, Glass IA, Parnell SE, Benet-Pages A, Nissen AM, Berger W, Altmuller J, Thiele H, Weber BH, Schrock E, Dobyns WB, Bier A, Rump A. Mutations in EXOSC2 are associated with a novel syndrome characterised by retinitis pigmentosa, progressive hearing loss, premature ageing, short stature, mild intellectual disability and distinctive gestalt. J Med Genet. 2016 Jun;53(6):419-25.

PubMed ID: 
26843489

Mental Retardation, AD 57

Clinical Characteristics
Ocular Features: 

Ptosis, strabismus, epicanthal folds, and upslanting lid fissures are often present but there is considerable variation among individuals.  Blepharophimosis, telecanthus, and various refractive errors have also been reported.

Systemic Features: 

There is great variability in the clinical signs among patients.  Most have developmental delays and intellectual disabilities combined with behavioral challenges such as anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorders and features of autism spectrum disorders.  

Infants and young children may have feeding difficulties but may later develop constipation or diarrhea.  

Skeletal anomalies such as short stature, high palate, craniosynostosis, scoliosis, pes planus, hand contractures, and joint hypermobility have been reported.  The voice may be hoarse.

Genetics

Heterozygous mutations in the TLK2 gene (17q23) are responsible for this condition.

Pedigree: 
Autosomal dominant
Treatment
Treatment Options: 

No treatment has been reported.

References
Article Title: 

De Novo and Inherited Loss-of-Function Variants in TLK2: Clinical and Genotype-Phenotype Evaluation of a Distinct Neurodevelopmental Disorder

Reijnders MRF, Miller KA, Alvi M, Goos JAC, Lees MM, de Burca A, Henderson A, Kraus A, Mikat B, de Vries BBA, Isidor B, Kerr B, Marcelis C, Schluth-Bolard C, Deshpande C, Ruivenkamp CAL, Wieczorek D; Deciphering Developmental Disorders Study, Baralle D, Blair EM, Engels H, Ludecke HJ, Eason J, Santen GWE, Clayton-Smith J, Chandler K, Tatton-Brown K, Payne K, Helbig K, Radtke K, Nugent KM, Cremer K, Strom TM, Bird LM, Sinnema M, Bitner-Glindzicz M, van Dooren MF, Alders M, Koopmans M, Brick L, Kozenko M, Harline ML, Klaassens M, Steinraths M, Cooper NS, Edery P, Yap P, Terhal PA, van der Spek PJ, Lakeman P, Taylor RL, Littlejohn RO, Pfundt R, Mercimek-Andrews S, Stegmann APA, Kant SG, McLean S, Joss S, Swagemakers SMA, Douzgou S, Wall SA, Kury S, Calpena E, Koelling N, McGowan SJ, Twigg SRF, Mathijssen IMJ, Nellaker C, Brunner HG, Wilkie AOM. De Novo and Inherited Loss-of-Function Variants in TLK2: Clinical and Genotype-Phenotype Evaluation of a Distinct Neurodevelopmental Disorder. Am J Hum Genet. 2018 Jun 7;102(6):1195-1203.

PubMed ID: 
29861108

Meta-analysis of 2,104 trios provides support for 10 new genes for intellectual disability

Lelieveld SH, Reijnders MR, Pfundt R, Yntema HG, Kamsteeg EJ, de Vries P, de Vries BB, Willemsen MH, Kleefstra T, Lohner K, Vreeburg M, Stevens SJ, van der Burgt I, Bongers EM, Stegmann AP, Rump P, Rinne T, Nelen MR, Veltman JA, Vissers LE, Brunner HG, Gilissen C. Meta-analysis of 2,104 trios provides support for 10 new genes for intellectual disability. Nat Neurosci. 2016 Sep;19(9):1194-6.

PubMed ID: 
27479843

Leukodystrophy, Hypomyelinating, 15

Clinical Characteristics
Ocular Features: 

Severe optic atrophy with marked vision loss is commonly present.  Hypermetropia and nystagmus have also been reported.

Systemic Features: 

The clinical features of 4 unrelated patients are highly variable.  Onset of clinical signs is also variable and most are progressive.   Several patients have presented in the first month of life with microcephaly and delayed motor development.  Progressive cerebellar signs of ataxia with dystonia, dysphagia and motor signs from infancy has been seen.  Other patients with cognitive deterioration and progressive neurologic deficits may present late in the first decade of life at which time ataxia, dysarthria, spasticity, and pyramidal signs nay also be noted.  Dystonic and athetoid movements and intention tremor have been reported in some patients.

Brain MRIs in older individuals in the second decade of life reveal hypomyelinating leukodystrophy with thinning of the corpus callosum and cerebellar atrophy.

Genetics

Homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in the EPRS (1q41) gene are responsible for this autosomal recessive disorder.

Pedigree: 
Autosomal recessive
Treatment
Treatment Options: 

No treatment has been reported.

Microcephaly 20, Primary, Autosomal Recessive

Clinical Characteristics
Ocular Features: 

Microphthalmia and optic nerve hypoplasia with "blindness" seem to be common.

Systemic Features: 

Short stature and global developmental delay are usually present.  Poor or absent speech is characteristic and intellectual disability may be severe.  Few individuals can walk.  Foot deformities and hypotonia are often present.  Behavior problems are common having features of ADHD, autism, and aggression.  Foot deformities have been noted. 

Imaging of the brain may reveal cerebellar hypoplasia, a simplified gyral pattern, and absence of the corpus callosum. 

Genetics

Homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in the KIF14 gene (1q32.1) are responsible for this disorder.

Pedigree: 
Autosomal recessive
Treatment
Treatment Options: 

No treatment has been reported.

References
Article Title: 

Biallelic variants in KIF14 cause intellectual disability with microcephaly

Makrythanasis P, Maroofian R, Stray-Pedersen A, Musaev D, Zaki MS, Mahmoud IG, Selim L, Elbadawy A, Jhangiani SN, Coban Akdemir ZH, Gambin T, Sorte HS, Heiberg A, McEvoy-Venneri J, James KN, Stanley V, Belandres D, Guipponi M, Santoni FA, Ahangari N, Tara F, Doosti M, Iwaszkiewicz J, Zoete V, Backe PH, Hamamy H, Gleeson JG, Lupski JR, Karimiani EG, Antonarakis SE. Biallelic variants in KIF14 cause intellectual disability with microcephaly. Eur J Hum Genet. 2018 Mar;26(3):330-339.

PubMed ID: 
29343805

Mutations of KIF14 cause primary microcephaly by impairing cytokinesis

Moawia A, Shaheen R, Rasool S, Waseem SS, Ewida N, Budde B, Kawalia A, Motameny S, Khan K, Fatima A, Jameel M, Ullah F, Akram T, Ali Z, Abdullah U, Irshad S, Hohne W, Noegel AA, Al-Owain M, Hortnagel K, Stobe P, Baig SM, Nurnberg P, Alkuraya FS, Hahn A, Hussain MS. Mutations of KIF14 cause primary microcephaly by impairing cytokinesis. Ann Neurol. 2017 Oct;82(4):562-577.

PubMed ID: 
28892560

Myopathy, Mitochondrial Anomalies, and Ataxia

Clinical Characteristics
Ocular Features: 

Ocular findings are variable.  One of three individuals with compound heterozygous mutations had a pigmentary retinopathy with pallor of the optic nerve but no visual abnormalities.  Her sister had only optic nerve pallor.  The eyes are described as "small" and "close-set".

No ocular findings were reported for the family with autosomal dominant inheritance.

Systemic Features: 

Ataxia, short stature, and gait difficulties from an early age are consistent findings.  Some patients are never able to walk.  Motor development is generally delayed.  Truncal and limb ataxia is a feature.  Some degree of intellectual disability is generally present and speech is often delayed.  

The face is long with a myopathic appearance.  Both micrognathia and a prominent jaw may be seen.  The palate is highly arched.  Patients are described as hypotonic and there is generalized muscle weakness both proximal and distal.  Distal sensory impairment has been described in the family with presumed dominant inheritance and there may be psychiatric symptoms of anxiety, depression, and schizophrenia.  Dysmetria with dysdiadochokinesis is often present and a fine intention tremor has been observed.

Mitochondria in fibroblasts exhibit abnormal dynamics and occur in a fragmented network.  Muscle biopsies reveal changes consistent with myopathy.  Serum creatine kinase may be elevated.

Genetics

Compound heterozygous mutations in the MSTO1 gene (1q22) have been found in two families with 3 affected individuals suggesting autosomal recessive inheritance.  In a third family, heterozygous mutations in the same gene were found in a mother and 3 of her adult children, consistent with autosomal dominant transmission.

Pedigree: 
Autosomal dominant
Autosomal recessive
Treatment
Treatment Options: 

No treatment has been reported.

References
Article Title: 

Neurodevelopmental Disorder With or Without Seizures and Gait Abnormalities

Clinical Characteristics
Ocular Features: 

Nystagmus and strabismus are common ocular features.  Optic nerve hypoplasia is present in some individuals.

Systemic Features: 

Symptoms may begin in early infancy or childhood.  Several neonates with irritability, hypertonia, increased startle reflexes, and stiffness have been reported.  Hypotonia may occur in the neonatal period though.  Intellectual disability and severe developmental delay are common and some patients are unable to follow simple commands.  Seizures of variable severity frequently occur at some point.  Speech may be absent.  Some patients are unable to walk while those that do have a clumsy, spastic gait.  Joint contractures may develop.

The most obvious dysmorphic feature are large ears.  Choreiform and stereotypic hand movements are sometimes present.  Feeding difficulties and sleeping problems may be noted.  Cortical atrophy and thinning of the corpus callosum has been seen on brain imaging.  One mildly affected individual was short in stature.

Genetics

Heterozygous mutations in the GRIA4 gene (11q22.3) have been found in 5 unrelated patients.

Pedigree: 
Autosomal dominant
Treatment
Treatment Options: 

No treatment has been reported.

References
Article Title: 

Joint Laxity, Short Stature, and Myopia

Clinical Characteristics
Ocular Features: 

Three of four brothers in one family had high myopia and two had retinal detachments as well as iris and chorioretinal colobomas.  In a second family with five sibs a teenage female was reported to have glaucoma and vision of legal blindness.  She and one brother had high myopia as well (parameters not reported).

Systemic Features: 

In one consanguineous family a brother and sister had multiple large joint dislocations including elbows, hips, knees and ankles.  The sister exhibited severe kyphoscoliosis while her brother had only mild kyphosis.  A single individual in each of the two sibships had hearing loss.

Three brothers in another consanguineous family had joint laxity and mild pectus carinatum.

Short stature was noted in all 5 affected individuals.  Cognitive development was reported as normal.

Genetics

Five individuals from 2 consanguineous Saudi sibships have been reported.  Homozygous mutations in the GZF1 gene (20p11.21) segregated as expected for an autosomal recessive disorder.

Pedigree: 
Autosomal recessive
Treatment
Treatment Options: 

No treatment has been reported.   Retinal detachment surgery and joint dislocation reduction should be considered in appropriate individuals.

References
Article Title: 

GZF1 Mutations Expand the Genetic Heterogeneity of Larsen Syndrome

Patel N, Shamseldin HE, Sakati N, Khan AO, Softa A, Al-Fadhli FM, Hashem M, Abdulwahab FM, Alshidi T, Alomar R, Alobeid E, Wakil SM, Colak D, Alkuraya FS. GZF1 Mutations Expand the Genetic Heterogeneity of Larsen Syndrome. Am J Hum Genet. 2017 May 4;100(5):831-836.

PubMed ID: 
28475863

3MC Syndromes

Clinical Characteristics
Ocular Features: 

The major ocular features involve the periocular structures.  These result in the typical facial dysmorphism and include hypertelorism, blepharoptosis, blepharophimosis, and highly arched eyebrows. Ptosis, unilateral or bilateral, can be present.

One patient was reported to have unilateral aniridia and a corneal leucoma.  Tear duct atresia was reported in another individual.

Systemic Features: 

Systemic features are highly variable in their presence and severity.   Facial clefting, growth deficiency, cognitive impairment, and hearing loss are present about half the time in some combination while craniosynostosis, urogenital anomalies, and radioulnar synostosis are seen in about a third of individuals.  More rare features include cardiac defects and abdominal midline defects (omphalocele and diastasis recti).

Genetics

This condition (3MC) is now postulated to include at least 3 disorders (Malpuech-Michels-Mingarelli-Carnevale syndromes) and considered here as a single autosomal recessive disease complex with overlapping clinical features that requires genotyping for diagnostic separation.  These are: 3MC1 syndrome (257920) resulting from homozygous mutations in the MASP1 gene (3q27.3), 3MC2 syndrome (265050) caused by mutations in the COLEC11 gene (2p25.3) and 3MC3 (248340) with mutations in the COLEC10 gene (8q24.12).

Pedigree: 
Autosomal recessive
Treatment
Treatment Options: 

No effective general treatment has been reported.

References
Article Title: 

COLEC10 is mutated in 3MC patients and regulates early craniofacial development

Munye MM, Diaz-Font A, Ocaka L, Henriksen ML, Lees M, Brady A, Jenkins D, Morton J, Hansen SW, Bacchelli C, Beales PL, Hernandez-Hernandez V. COLEC10 is mutated in 3MC patients and regulates early craniofacial development. PLoS Genet. 2017 Mar 16;13(3):e1006679. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006679. eCollection 2017 Mar.

PubMed ID: 
28301481

Mutations in lectin complement pathway genes COLEC11 and MASP1 cause 3MC syndrome

Rooryck C, Diaz-Font A, Osborn DP, Chabchoub E, Hernandez-Hernandez V, Shamseldin H, Kenny J, Waters A, Jenkins D, Kaissi AA, Leal GF, Dallapiccola B, Carnevale F, Bitner-Glindzicz M, Lees M, Hennekam R, Stanier P, Burns AJ, Peeters H, Alkuraya FS, Beales PL. Mutations in lectin complement pathway genes COLEC11 and MASP1 cause 3MC syndrome. Nat Genet. 2011 Mar;43(3):197-203.

PubMed ID: 
21258343

Ayme-Gripp Syndrome

Clinical Characteristics
Ocular Features: 

Most patients have congenital cataracts which may be mild and "oil drop" in appearance.  The eyes appear far apart, the eyebrows are broad, and the palpebral fissures may slant upward or downward.  Ptosis has been reported.  Aphakic glaucoma has been reported in one juvenile who had unilateral cataract surgery at 5 months of age.

Systemic Features: 

The phenotype is heterogeneous and not all patients have all features.  The facial features are said to resemble those of the Down syndrome with brachycephaly, a high forehead, and a flat midface with shallow orbits and malar hypoplasia.  The ears are small, low-set, and posteriorly rotated.  The nose is short and the nasal bridge is broad and flat.  The mouth is small and the upper lip is thin.  The scalp hair may be sparse and the nails sometimes appear dystrophic.

The fingers are sometimes brachydactylous and tapered.  Short stature is common and the joints may have limited motion.  Dislocation of the radial heads is seen rarely while radioulnar synostosis has been seen in a few individuals.  Postnatal short stature is common.

Seizures often occur.  The ventricles appear large and cerebral atrophy has been reported.  Intellectual disability and mental retardation are common. However, at least one individual attended university although he had been diagnosed in childhood with Asberger disease.   Neurosensory hearing loss is common.

Genetics

This autosomal dominant condition results from heterozygous mutations in the MAF (16q32.2) gene.  At least one mother/son transmission event has been reported.

Many of the same features are seen in what has been called the Fine-Lubinsky syndrome (601353) but without mutations in the MAF gene.  It may not be a unique disorder.

Pedigree: 
Autosomal dominant
Treatment
Treatment Options: 

No general treatment has been reported but specific anomalies such as cataracts should be addressed.

References
Article Title: 

Mutations Impairing GSK3-Mediated MAF Phosphorylation Cause Cataract, Deafness, Intellectual Disability, Seizures, and a Down Syndrome-like Facies

Niceta M, Stellacci E, Gripp KW, Zampino G, Kousi M, Anselmi M, Traversa A, Ciolfi A, Stabley D, Bruselles A, Caputo V, Cecchetti S, Prudente S, Fiorenza MT, Boitani C, Philip N, Niyazov D, Leoni C, Nakane T, Keppler-Noreuil K, Braddock SR, Gillessen-Kaesbach G, Palleschi A, Campeau PM, Lee BH, Pouponnot C, Stella L, Bocchinfuso G, Katsanis N, Sol-Church K, Tartaglia M. Mutations Impairing GSK3-Mediated MAF Phosphorylation Cause Cataract, Deafness, Intellectual Disability, Seizures, and a Down Syndrome-like Facies. Am J Hum Genet. 2015 May 7;96(5):816-25.

PubMed ID: 
25865493

Retinitis Pigmentosa With or Without Skeletal Anomalies

Clinical Characteristics
Ocular Features: 

Downward slanting lid fissures may be detectable at birth as part of the general craniofacial dysmorphism.  Some degree of night blindness causes symptoms by the second decade of life and constricted visual fields with pigmented retinopathy and vessel narrowing can be detected.  The ERG shows reduced or absent responses.  The retinal phenotype is progressive.   

Systemic Features: 

Most but not all patients have skeletal anomalies.  Nonspecific craniofacial dysmorphology features are frequently present including frontal bossing, macrocephaly, low-set ears, large columella, hypoplastic nares, and malar hypoplasia.  A short neck, brachydactyly, and overall shortness of stature are often present.  Some individuals have nail dysplasia.  The proximal femoral metaphyses sometimes show chondrodysplasia.

There is often some degree of intellectual disability and there may be delays in speech, feeding, and walking.

Genetics

This disorder results from homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in the CWC27 gene (5q12.3).

Pedigree: 
Autosomal recessive
Treatment
Treatment Options: 

No general treatment has been reported.  Low vision aids and night vision devices may be helpful, especially for educational activities.

References
Article Title: 

Mutations in the Spliceosome Component CWC27 Cause Retinal Degeneration with or without Additional Developmental Anomalies

Xu M, Xie YA, Abouzeid H, Gordon CT, Fiorentino A, Sun Z, Lehman A, Osman IS, Dharmat R, Riveiro-Alvarez R, Bapst-Wicht L, Babino D, Arno G, Busetto V, Zhao L, Li H, Lopez-Martinez MA, Azevedo LF, Hubert L, Pontikos N, Eblimit A, Lorda-Sanchez I, Kheir V, Plagnol V, Oufadem M, Soens ZT, Yang L, Bole-Feysot C, Pfundt R, Allaman-Pillet N, Nitschke P, Cheetham ME, Lyonnet S, Agrawal SA, Li H, Pinton G, Michaelides M, Besmond C, Li Y, Yuan Z, von Lintig J, Webster AR, Le Hir H, Stoilov P; UK Inherited Retinal Dystrophy Consortium., Amiel J, Hardcastle AJ, Ayuso C, Sui R, Chen R, Allikmets R, Schorderet DF. Mutations in the Spliceosome Component CWC27 Cause Retinal Degeneration with or without Additional Developmental Anomalies. Am J Hum Genet. 2017 Apr 6;100(4):592-604.

PubMed ID: 
28285769

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