frontal bossing

Chondrodysplasia Punctata 2

Clinical Characteristics
Ocular Features: 

Early onset cataracts, often sectorial, are the major ocular feature of this syndrome.  Micropthalmia and microcornea have been observed.  There may be local vitreoretinal abnormalities leading to localized detachments and retinoschisis.

Systemic Features: 

The cartilage disease in this disorder leads to short stature that is often asymmetrical.  There is considerable variation in skeletal manifestations as the spine as well as the limbs can be involved.  The skin at birth may be scaly and erythrodermic.  Later the skin pigmentation may assume a whorled pattern and hyperkeratosis appears, often in a segmental pattern consistent with X-chromosomal mosaicism.  The skin may also be ichthyotic.  The nasal bridge is often flat with frontal bossing.  Flexion contractures are sometimes seen.  Cicatricial alopecia and coarse hair are often noted in adults.

Genetics

A number of skeletal disorders are classified as chondrodysplasia punctata, and there is considerable clinical and genetic heterogeneity (see also rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata [215100] in this database for an autosomal recessive form) which has yet to be worked out.  The disorder described here is an X-linked dominant disorder with lethality in males.  It results from a mutation in the EBP gene (Xp11.23-p11.22) causing difficulty in converting lanosterol to cholesterol.  The diagnosis can be confirmed by finding increased plasma accumulation of precursors of sterols 8(9)-cholestenol and 8-dehydrocholesterol. Rare severely affected males with hypotonia, seizures, cerebellar atrophy, agenesis of the corpus callosum, and developmental delays have been reported. 

The X-linked recessive (CDPX1;302950), autosomal dominant tibia-metacarpal (118651), and humero-metacarpal types are not associated with cataracts.

Pedigree: 
X-linked dominant, father affected
X-linked dominant, mother affected
Treatment
Treatment Options: 

Cataract extraction may improve vision.  Sun protection is advised.

References
Article Title: 

Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome

Clinical Characteristics
Ocular Features: 

Eyelid basal-cell carcinomas are the most common ocular finding of this syndrome.  These malignancies may be multiple and may occur on the neck, chest, back, arms and elsewhere on the face.   Those on the eyelids generally have their onset in the postpubertal period, usually by age 35 years, and are often multiple.  Their indolent nature can result in considerably delay in diagnosis, however, and local recurrences are common.  Deformities of the skull often result in the appearance of hypertelorism and proptosis.  Epidermal cysts are found in one-fourth of patients, especially on the palms, but may occur in the tarsal conjunctiva as well.  Intratarsal keratinous eyelid cysts occur in 40% of patients.  Less common reported ocular findings are colobomas, glaucoma, nystagmus, strabismus, and cataracts but these may simply be associations.

Systemic Features: 

This disorder is one of a few in which a disposition to neoplasia is associated with skeletal deformities.  These include bifid ribs, scoliosis, skull deformities such as frontal bossing, increased occipitofrontal circumference, broad nasal root with hypertelorism, mandibular prognathia, and bony cysts.  Medulloblastoma is an infrequent but important sign.  Palmar and/or plantar pits are often present.  Basal cell carcinomas and jaw cysts occur in over 90% of patients by the age of 40 years.  Invasive oral tumors are found in 78% of individuals.

Genetics

This is an autosomal dominant disorder, caused by heterozygous mutations in the PTCH1 gene located on chromosome 9 (9q22.3).  Interestingly, somatic mutations in the PTCH1 gene have also been found in isolated cases with only basal cell carcinoma or medulloblastoma.  Perhaps 40% of cases arise de novo, i.e., without a family history, and older paternal age at conception increases the risk of new mutations.

Pedigree: 
Autosomal dominant
Treatment
Treatment Options: 

Treatment is directed at the location of clinical disease with excision of basal cell carcinomas having the highest priority.  Patients must be monitored throughout life for new lesions as well as recurrence at treated sites. Radiotherapy and non-essential diagnostic X-rays should probably be avoided due to sensitivity to ionizing radiation.

Oral administration of an experimental small molecule signaling inhibitor (GDC-0449 or Vismodegib; Genetech) of the Hedgehog signaling pathway has shown promise in reduction of the number of new lesions as well as shrinkage of existing skin lesions.  BCC lesions have been successfully treated with ingenol mebutate in a single patient.

References
Article Title: 

Eyelid Cysts in Gorlin Syndrome: A Review and Reappraisal

Wolkow N, Jakobiec FA, Yoon MK. Intratarsal Keratinous Eyelid Cysts in Gorlin Syndrome: A Review and Reappraisal. Surv Ophthalmol. 2017 Dec 26. pii: S0039-6257(17)30236-9. doi: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2017.12.007.

PubMed ID: 
29287708

Basal cell nevus syndrome: a brave new world

Goldberg LH, Firoz BF, Weiss GJ, Blaydorn L, Jameson G, Von Hoff DD. Basal cell nevus syndrome: a brave new world. Arch Dermatol. 2010 Jan;146(1):17-9. PubMed PMID: 20083687.

PubMed ID: 
20083687

Neuhauser Syndrome

Clinical Characteristics
Ocular Features: 

This rare disorder is characterized by profound mental retardation and megalocornea together with nonspecific facial features including epicanthal folds, broad nasal root, frontal bossing and antimongoloid lid slanting.

Systemic Features: 

Hypotonia and marked psychomotor retardation are the most prominent systemic features.   Short stature, hypercholesterolemia, seizures and hypothyroidism have also been reported.

Genetics

No specific mutation has been found.  Most cases occur sporadically.  The mode of inheritance is presumed to be autosomal recessive on the basis of parental consanquinity found in occasional parents with multiple affected offspring.

Pedigree: 
Autosomal recessive
Treatment
Treatment Options: 

No treatment is available.
 

References
Article Title: 

Association of CHRDL1 Mutations and Variants with X-linked Megalocornea, Neuhäuser Syndrome and Central Corneal Thickness

Davidson AE, Cheong SS, Hysi PG, Venturini C, Plagnol V, Ruddle JB, Ali H, Carnt N, Gardner JC, Hassan H, Gade E, Kearns L, Jelsig AM, Restori M, Webb TR, Laws D, Cosgrove M, Hertz JM, Russell-Eggitt I, Pilz DT, Hammond CJ, Tuft SJ, Hardcastle AJ. Association of CHRDL1 Mutations and Variants with X-linked Megalocornea, Neuhauser Syndrome and Central Corneal Thickness. PLoS One. 2014 Aug 5.

PubMed ID: 
25093588

PNPLA6 mutations cause Boucher-Neuhauser and Gordon Holmes syndromes as part of a broad neurodegenerative spectrum

Synofzik M, Gonzalez MA, Lourenco CM, Coutelier M, Haack TB, Rebelo A, Hannequin D, Strom TM, Prokisch H, Kernstock C, Durr A, Schols L, Lima-Martinez MM, Farooq A, Schule R, Stevanin G, Marques W Jr, Zuchner S. PNPLA6 mutations cause Boucher-Neuhauser and Gordon Holmes syndromes as part of a broad neurodegenerative spectrum. Brain. 2013 Dec 19. [Epub ahead of print].

PubMed ID: 
24355708

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