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Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis

Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis

Patient Information

Characteristics

Background and History

This treatable disorder has serious eye and neurologic manifestations.  It should be considered in all infants with diarrhea and jaundice and also among young people with early onset cataracts.

Clinical Correlations

This is a heritable disorder of fat metabolism that can cause symptoms at birth, such as persistent jaundice and diarrhea.  Cataracts may be present in the first decade of life and often need to be removed by the third decade.  In fact, cataracts are the first sign in 75% of patients.  Later, in the second and third decades, unsightly cholesterol deposits appear in tendons which connect muscle to bone.  Perhaps even more serious are the progressive neurologic signs such as unsteadiness and mental changes including dementia.  These generally appear in early adulthood, after the onset of cataracts and tendon deposits but earlier signs, even in children, can be found if careful examination is done.  Many individuals have evidence of atherosclerosis.

Genetics

Inheritance

This is an autosomal recessive disorder in which the disease appears after a mutation is inherited from both parents, who are usually normal.  Two mutations are necessary for the disease to be expressed and the risk for siblings to have the same diseae is 25%.

Pedigree

Autosomal recessive

In order for autosomal recessive disorders to be expressed, offspring generally must inherit two mutations, one from each carrier parent.  Carriers with only one mutation, such as the parents, do not have clinical disease.  Note that carrier parents can expect that 1 in 4 children (25%) will inherit both mutations and have the disorder, 2 in 4 children (50%) will be carriers like their parents, while 1 in 4 children (25%) inherit neither mutation.

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Sample pedigree of autosomal recessive inheritance

In order for autosomal recessive disorders to be expressed, offspring generally must inherit two mutations, one from each carrier parent. Carriers with only one mutation, such as the parents, do not have clinical disease. Note that carrier parents can expect that 1 in 4 children (25%) will inherit both mutations and have the disorder, 2 in 4 children (50%) will be carriers like their parents, while 1 in 4 children (25%) inherit neither mutation.

Diagnosis and Prognosis

This is a treatable disorder with the best prognosis if detected early.  Administration of CDCA and/or pravastatin helps correct the enzyme deficiency and some patients with early symptoms actually have improvement in their mental function and neurologic signs.

Web Resources

Web Resource Printout Display
http://ulf.org/cerebrtendinous-xanthomatosis-ctx
http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/cerebrotendinous-xanthomatosis
http://www.ctxinfo.org/

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