Waardenburg Syndrome, Type 1

Clinical Characteristics
Ocular Features: 

Waardenburg syndrome is a disorder of pigmentation, sensorineural deafness, and a characteristic facial (nasal root) morphology.  Some have neural tube defects.  Based on clinical criteria, the syndrome has been divided into types 1, 2, 3, and 4, with subtypes of 2 and 4.  Types 1 and 3 are caused by mutations in the same gene.

Patients often have a white forelock and iris heterochromia.  The latter may be partial in individual irides, or the entire iris in one eye with the fundus hypopigmentation often matching the iris pattern.  The fundus may also have segmental areas of pigmentary changes corresponding to the iris heterochromia. The hypopigmented portion of the iris is often a brilliant blue.  Dystopia canthorum is a prominent and nearly constant (>95%) feature of type 1, and together with the prominent nasal root and increased intercanthal distance may suggest hypertelorism.  Synophrys is often present and the medial portions of the eyebrows can be exceptionally bushy.  Sometimes the poliosis involves the lashes and eyebrows.

Systemic Features: 

Congenital sensorineural deafness is an important feature.  Individuals with type 1 often have a white forelock (29%), premature graying (44%), and hypopigmented skin patches (55%).  A few patients have cleft palate and/or lip. Neural tube defects have also been reported. The considerably more rare type 3 is caused by mutations in the same gene as type 1, but it is claimed by some to be a separate disorder because of the association of limb anomalies. 

Genetics

Autosomal dominant inheritance is typical for the Waardenburg syndrome.  Types 1 and 3 are caused by mutations in the PAX3 gene (2q35) and, of these, type 1 is far more common.  Type 1 is caused by a heterozygous mutation whereas type 3 may result from either a heterozygous, compound heterozygous, or homozygous mutation.  Both types have been reported to occur in the same pedigree.  PAX genes act as transcription factors that attach to specific sections of DNA and regulate protein production.  PAX3 gene products, among other things, specifically influence neural crest cells important to the development of cranialfacial bones and melanocytes.  Paternal age plays a role in new mutations which probably account for many sporadic cases.

Waardenburg syndrome is an excellant example of genetic heterogeneity as types 1 (193500), 2 (193510), 3 (148820  and 4 (277580) can all result from mutations in different genes.  In addition, types 2 and 4 are each caused by mutations in several different genes. 

A child has been reported who was doubly heterozygous for mutations involving both MITF and PAX3. Hypopigmentation in the scalp hair, eyebrows and eyelashes was more severe than usually seen in patients with single mutations. In addition the face showed marked patchy pigmentation. One parent contributed the MITF mutation and the other added the mutation in PAX3.

 

Treatment
Treatment Options: 

No ocular treatment is necessary.  Patients may benefit from cochlear implants.

References
Article Title: 

References

Yang T, Li X, Huang Q, Li L, Chai Y, Sun L, Wang X, Zhu Y, Wang Z, Huang Z, Li Y, Wu H. Double heterozygous mutations of MITF and PAX3 result in Waardenburg Syndrome with increased penetrance in pigmentary defects. Clin Genet. 2012 Feb 9. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2012.01853.x. [Epub ahead of print]

PubMedID: 22320238

Wollnik B, Tukel T, Uyguner O, Ghanbari A, Kayserili H, Emiroglu M, Yuksel-Apak M. Homozygous and heterozygous inheritance of PAX3 mutations causes different types of Waardenburg syndrome. Am J Med Genet A. 2003 Sep 15;122A(1):42-5.

PubMedID: 12949970

Pardono E, van Bever Y, van den Ende J, Havrenne PC, Iughetti P, Maestrelli SR, Costa F O, Richieri-Costa A, Frota-Pessoa O, Otto PA. Waardenburg syndrome: clinical differentiation between types I and II. Am J Med Genet A. 2003 Mar 15;117A(3):223-35.

PubMedID: 12599185

Goldberg MF. Waardenburg's syndrome with fundus and other anomalies. Arch Ophthalmol. 1966 Dec;76(6):797-810.

PubMedID: 4958935

Pingault V, Ente D, Dastot-Le Moal F, Goossens M, Marlin S, Bondurand N. Review and update of mutations causing Waardenburg syndrome. Hum Mutat. 2010 Apr;31(4):391-406. Review.

PubMedID: 20127975