Clinical Characteristics
Ocular Features
Signs in ocular albinism include hypopigmentation of the fundus with clearly visible choroidal vessels, foveal hypoplasia, and hypopigmentation of the iris. Strabismus, nystagmus, photophobia, absent stereoacuity and high refractive errors including hypermetropia are other common features. Vision may be near normal but usually worse, in the range of 20/100 to 20/300. In at least some patients with ocular albinism, concentric macular rings have been identified using infrared reflectance images.
In ocular albinism there is a nearly complete crossing of nerve fibers in the optic chiasm as well as a decreased number of photoreceptors. MRI imaging of the optic chiasm in humans with albinism reveals it to be smaller with a wider angle between optic tracts, reflecting the atypical crossing of nerve fibers.
This is an X-linked recessive disorder and affects mainly men. In 80% of female carriers a mosaic of pigmentary changes can be observed in the fundus, especially in the periphery as a result of lyonization. A few female heterozygotes have ocular changes of albinism including nystagmus and reduced visual acuity, likely as a result of unequal X-chromosome inactivation. Perhaps three-quarters of carrier females have transillumination defects in the iris.
Hearing loss is often associated with pigmentation disorders and families with X-linked ocular albinism have been reported with a late onset sensorineural deafness (300650). The ocular findings are typical but deafness is not significant until late midlife.
Systemic Features
In ocular albinism, pigmentation is normal except in the eye. Hearing loss has been reported in a single family but this may be a unique disorder since the genotype was not determined.
Male infertility has been reported in some patients with OCA1 and late-onset sensorineural hearing loss which has been hypothesized ro be part of a contiguous gene deletion syndrome involving GPR143, TBL1X and posssibly SHROOM2 genes.
Genetics
Inheritance
Ocular albinism (OA1) is a recessive X-linked disorder, caused by mutations in the GPR143 gene, located at Xp22.3. The protein product, a G protein-coupled receptor, is localized on the membrane of melanosomes in pigmented cells in the eye. The same gene is mutated in congenital nystagmus 6 (300814). Ocular albinism with late onset sensorineural deafness (300650) results from mutations in the Xp22.3 region as well and may or may not be the same condition. In some individuals the contiguous genes TBL1X and SHROOM2 may also have mutations (usually microdeletions).
It has been reported that mutations in GNA13 (17q24.1), activated by OA1, can also result in the ocular albinism phenotype.
Pedigree
X-linked recessive, carrier mother
X-linked disorders are caused by a mutation on the X chromosome and both sexes can pass this to their children. If the mutation is in a recessive gene and carried by the mother, she usually does not have the disease since the normal X chromosome without the mutation neutralizes the mutation in the abnormal X chromosome. However, half her sons will inherit the mutation-containing X chromosome and therefore have the X-linked disease. Half the daughters will inherit the mutation-bearing X chromosome and are usuallly healthy 'carriers'.
X-linked disorders are caused by a mutation on the X chromosome and both sexes can pass this to their children. If the mutation is in a recessive gene and carried by the mother, she usually does not have the disease since the normal X chromosome without the mutation neutralizes the mutation in the abnormal X chromosome. However, half her sons will inherit the mutation-containing X chromosome and therefore have the X-linked disease. Half the daughters will inherit the mutation-bearing X chromosome and are usuallly healthy 'carriers'.
X-linked recessive, father affected
X-linked disorders are caused by a mutation on the X chromosome and both sexes can pass this to their children. If the mutation is in a recessive gene and carried by the father, he has the disease since his only X chromosome is mutant and he has no normal X to blunt the effects of the abnormal gene. His sons only receive his Y chromosome and thus are all normal. However, all his daughters receive his one and only X chromosome and will be healthy 'carriers'. Thus such males will have no affected children but half their grandsons from those daughters will have the same disease as he does.
X-linked disorders are caused by a mutation on the X chromosome and both sexes can pass this to their children. If the mutation is in a recessive gene and carried by the father, he has the disease since his only X chromosome is mutant and he has no normal X to blunt the effects of the abnormal gene. His sons only receive his Y chromosome and thus are all normal. However, all his daughters receive his one and only X chromosome and will be healthy 'carriers'. Thus such males will have no affected children but half their grandsons from those daughters will have the same disease as he does.