glaucoma

Cornea Plana

Clinical Characteristics
Ocular Features: 

Enlargement of the cornea with flattening is characteristic of cornea plana although corneal diameters vary widely.  Corneal thinning may be present.  The mean corneal refraction value at the horizontal median has been measured at 37.8 D for the dominant form (CNA 1) of the disease, compared with 29.9 D for the recessive form (CNA 2) and 43.4 D for controls accounting for the hyperopia found among many patients.  The limbal margin may be widened with blurring of the corneolimbal junction.  Recessive cases can often be distinguished from the dominant ones by the presence of a central 5 mm area of thickening and clouding.  Recessively inherited cases are also more likely to have anterior synechiae and other iris anomalies.  Early onset arcus has been reported.

Vision in mild cases may be as good as 20/25 or 20/30 but considerably worse in recessive cases with central opacification.  Glaucoma may occur in older individuals.

Systemic Features: 

None reported.

Genetics

Multiple families in Finland have been reported with inheritance patterns suggesting autosomal recessive inheritance (CNA2).  The gene has been mapped to chromosome 12 (12q21) in a region containing the KERA gene.  A Cuban family with autosomal dominant cornea plana (CDA1) also yielded linkage to 12q where the recessive gene is located.  However, this locus could be excluded in two Finnish families suggesting that at least 3 autosomal mutations may be responsible.

Pedigree: 
Autosomal dominant
Autosomal recessive
Treatment
Treatment Options: 

Correction of the hyperopia may be helpful.  Patients need to be followed and treated for glaucoma if it develops.  Outcomes of penetrating keratoplasty are not available but the procedure carries increased risk since the stroma is often thinner than normal. 
 

References
Article Title: 

The genetics of cornea plana congenita

Tahvanainen, E.; Forsius, H.; Kolehmainen, J.; Damsten, M.; Fellman, J.; de la Chapelle, A. :  The genetics of cornea plana congenita. J. Med. Genet. 33: 116-119, 1996.

PubMed ID: 
8929947

Mutations in KERA, encoding keratocan, cause cornea plana

Pellegata, N. S.; Dieguez-Lucena, J. L.; Joensuu, T.; Lau, S.; Montgomery, K. T.; Krahe, R.; Kivela, T.; Kucherlapati, R.; Forsius, H.; de la Chapelle, A. :  Mutations in KERA, encoding keratocan, cause cornea plana. Nature Genet. 25: 91-95, 2000.

PubMed ID: 
10802664

Macrophthalmia, Colobomatous, with Microcornea

Clinical Characteristics
Ocular Features: 

Several families have been reported in which multiple family members had various ocular malformations including bilateral extensive colobomas from the iris to the optic nerve, increased axial length, microcornea, posterior staphylomas, and high myopia. In a three generation Turkish family with 13 affected individuals other features such as flatter than normal corneas, shallow anterior chambers and iridocorneal angle abnormalities with elevated intraocular pressures were described.  

Systemic Features: 

None have been reported.

Genetics

This is a contiguous gene deletion disorder located at 2p22.2 which involves the CRIM1 and FEZ2 genes.  Penetrance is high in this presumed autosomal dominant condition.

Pedigree: 
Autosomal dominant
Treatment
Treatment Options: 

No treatment is known.
 

References
Article Title: 

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