Corneal Dystrophy, Gelatinous Drop-like

Clinical Characteristics
Ocular Features: 

White, gelatinous deposits of amyloid are seen in the subepithelial region giving the surface of the cornea a multilobulated appearance resembling a mulberry.  These usually appear in the first decade of life and cause photophobia as well as tearing from irritation caused by a severe foreign body sensation.  The corneal changes are variable and some patients have only a mild amount of anterior stromal opacification while others have subepithelial vascularization.  Vision loss can be severe when the deposits coalesce to opacify the cornea.  These deposits are found in the subepithelial region but in some families it may also be found in the Bowman layer.   The appearance of fusiform deposits in the stroma in some patients has led some to categorize gelatinous drop-like corneal dystrophy as a lattice dystrophy and have designated it as type III.  GDLD seems to occur more commonly in Japan but often has a much later onset and the lattice appearance is more striking suggesting that it may be a unique form of corneal amyloidosis.  True GDLD, however, occurs in diverse ethnic groups throughout the US, Europe, Latin America, and the Asian subcontinent.  Cataracts have been reported in several young individuals with corneal amyloidosis.

Systemic Features: 

No systemic abnormalities occur as part of this syndrome.

Genetics

Autosomal recessive corneal amyloidosis results from multiple mutations in the M1S1 (TACSTD2) gene located on chromosome 1 (1p32).

Treatment
Treatment Options: 

No satisfactory permanent treatment has been found.  Ablative treatments may give temporary relief from symptoms and improve vision but the deposits recur within a few years.

References
Article Title: 

References

Cabral-Macias J, Zenteno JC, Ramirez-Miranda A, Navas A, Bermudez-Magner JA, Boullosa-Grana VM, Graue-Hernandez EO, Buentello-Volante B. Familial Gelatinous Drop-Like Corneal Dystrophy Caused by a Novel Nonsense TACSTD2 Mutation. Cornea. 2016 May 4. [Epub ahead of print].

PubMedID: 27149532

Morantes S, Evans CJ, Valencia AV, Davidson AE, Hardcastle AJ, Ruiz Linares A, Tuft SJ, Cuevas M. Spectrum of Clinical Signs and Genetic Characterization of Gelatinous Drop-Like Corneal Dystrophy in a Colombian Family. Cornea. 2016 May 24. [Epub ahead of print].

PubMedID: 27227392

Ren Z, Lin PY, Klintworth GK, Iwata F, Munier FL, Schorderet DF, El Matri L, Theendakara V, Basti S, Reddy M, Hejtmancik JF. Allelic and locus heterogeneity in autosomal recessive gelatinous drop-like corneal dystrophy. Hum Genet. 2002 Jun;110(6):568-77.

PubMedID: 12107443

Tsujikawa M, Kurahashi H, Tanaka T, Nishida K, Shimomura Y, Tano Y, Nakamura Y. Identification of the gene responsible for gelatinous drop-like corneal dystrophy. Nat Genet. 1999 Apr;21(4):420-3.

PubMedID: 10192395

Stock EL, Kielar RA. Primary familial amyloidosis of the cornea. Am J Ophthalmol. 1976 Aug;82(2):266-71.

PubMedID: 949079