visual field constriction

Night blindness, the predominant presenting symptom, is often noted in the first decade of life but may not be a significant complaint until the third decade.  Concentric peripheral field loss likewise follows a similar timeline.  ERG responses progressively decrease in amplitude and may become undetectable in the second decade.  The retinal disease progresses relentlessly, albeit slowly, as the result of photoreceptor degeneration and most patients have severe visual handicaps by midlife but there is considerable clinical variation.  The pigmentary retinopathy is typical for classical retinitis pigmentosa with vascular attenuation, perivascular bone-spicule pigment clumping, optic atrophy, and generalized retinal atrophy with relative sparing of the macula early in the disease.  Lens opacities are common in late stages of the disease.

This is a rare type of pigmentary retinopathy with few symptoms in many patients.  Pigment clumps in the form of bone spicules in a paravenous distribution appear as young as 1 year of age and may be present congenitally.  The pigment may begin peripherally and is often segmental but eventually progresses centrally along with chorioretinal atrophy involving the majority of the fundus.  For unknown reasons, males are more severely affected than females.  In one family the retinal changes were associated with hyperopia, esotropia and vitreous degeneration (cells and liquefaction).  There is considerable variation in expressivity among patients and the vision and fundus pigmentation can be highly asymmetrical in the two eyes.  ERG abnormalities likewise vary widely with decreased photopic responses in some individuals and complete lack of both scotopic and photopic responses in severely affected eyes.  Decreased night vision is not a symptom.

This is generally considered to be a stationary condition but long term follow up reveals progression of pigmentary changes, chorioretinal atrophy and increasing constriction of the peripheral visual field.  Symptoms of decreased vision may be noted as early as 3 months of age.  Some patients retain vision of 20/20 or 20/30 into midlife whereas others in the first decade already have count fingers vision.  Likewise the size of the visual field varies widely and is not correlated with age.

This is an early onset (4 to 6 years of age) optic atrophy in which acuity even at that age may be only 20/200.  Peripheral field constriction occurs late in contrast to its preservation in another autosomal recessive form of early onset optic atrophy, OPA6 (258500).  Atrophy of the optic nerve and loss of vision also occurs more slowly in the latter.

This is a recently described type of nanophthalmos with characteristic clinical features plus retinal degeneration and optic disc drusen.  Hyperopia is common and, like another recessive form of nanophthalmos (267760), patients have a progressive retinal dystrophy beginning with granular and mottled RPE changes and progressing to a bone spicule pattern resembling retinitis pigmentosa.  No synechiae have been reported in this syndrome however.  Macular retinoschisis and cystic changes with reduced foveal reflexes are commonly present.  The anterior chamber and angles are narrow but no reported cases have had angle closure glaucoma such as frequently occurs in other forms of nanophthalmos (267760, 609549, 600165, 611897).  Drusen of the optic nerve head can be demonstrated by ultrasound.  Scleral and choroidal thickening are usually present.  There is progressive deterioration of photoreceptors beginning with rod dysfunction and eventually involving cones as documented on ERG recordings.  Nyctalopia and visual difficulties begin in childhood and the visual field is concentrically constricted.  Visual acuity is in the range of 20/100 to 20/200.

Enhanced S-cone syndrome, sometimes called Goldman-Favre syndrome, is a retinal disorder characterized by increased sensitivity to blue light, night blindness from an early age, and decreased vision.  Additional features include an optically empty liquefied vitreous, progressive foveal or peripheral retinoschisis, macular cysts, chorioretinal atrophy and pigmentary retinopathy as well as posterior subcapsular cataract formation.  Hyperopia is a feature, at least in childhood.   Enhanced S-cone syndrome is the only retinal disorder that has a gain of a subtype of photoreceptors, in this case the S-cones (short wave length) that detect blue light. Rod photoreceptors and red and green cone receptors are degenerated to a variable degree. Electroretinography shows an extinct rod photoreceptor response and hypersensitivity to shorter wavelengths.

There is considerable variation in the clinical features of NR2E3 mutations which has led to some confusion in the nosology.  Some cases are called juvenile retinoschisis, others are called retinitis pigmentosa, or clumped pigment retinopathy.  Central acuity ranges from near normal (20/40) in young people to 20/200 or worse especially in older adults.  Visual field constriction likewise varies from patient to patient.  Retinal pigmentary changes and the amount of cystic changes in the macula are somewhat age dependent.