dyskinesia

Baker-Gordon Syndrome

Clinical Characteristics
Ocular Features: 

Poor visual acuity described as central in origin with poor eye contact.  Periorbital anomalies of low-set eyebrows and epicanthal folds are common.  The eyes have been described as "almond-shaped".  Strabismus and nystagmus are commonly present.

Systemic Features: 

The facial features ae described as "fine" with a short nose and a thin upper lip.  The forehead is unusually high. 

There is general developmental delay with impaired intellectual development, delayed or absent walking, and behavioral psychiatric manifestations such as stereotypic and unpredictable outbursts.   There are often involuntary and hyperkinetic movements with dystonia, dyskinesia, ataxia and choreoathetosis.  The EEG is often abnormal although seizures have not been reported.

Genetics

De novo heterozygous mutations in the SYT1 gene (12q21.2) have been associated with this condition.  

Pedigree: 
Autosomal dominant
Treatment
Treatment Options: 

No treatment has been reported.

References
Article Title: 

SYT1-associated neurodevelopmental disorder: a case series

Baker K, Gordon SL, Melland H, Bumbak F, Scott DJ, Jiang TJ, Owen D, Turner BJ, Boyd SG, Rossi M, Al-Raqad M, Elpeleg O, Peck D, Mancini GMS, Wilke M, Zollino M, Marangi G, Weigand H, Borggraefe I, Haack T, Stark Z, Sadedin S; Broad Center for Mendelian Genomics, Tan TY, Jiang Y, Gibbs RA, Ellingwood S, Amaral M, Kelley W, Kurian MA, Cousin MA, Raymond FL. SYT1-associated neurodevelopmental disorder: a case series. Brain. 2018 Sep 1;141(9):2576-2591.

PubMed ID: 
30107533

Birk-Landau-Perez Syndrome

Clinical Characteristics
Ocular Features: 

Patients have oculomotor apraxia, saccadic pursuits, lack of fixation, and ptosis.  No pigmentary changes were seen in the fundi but the optic nerves have not been described.

Systemic Features: 

This is a progressive disorder in which psychomotor regression and loss of speech develop by 1 to 2 years of age, often appearing as the first sign of abnormalities.  Cognitive impairment can progress to profound intellectual disability.  Older patients have limb and truncal ataxia and experience frequent falls.  Muscle tone in the limbs is increased and children often exhibit dyskinesia, dystonia, and axial hypotonia.  General muscle weakness is often present.  No abnormalities have been seen on brain imaging.

Some patients develop a nephropathy with renal insufficiency, hypertension, and hyperechogenic kidneys though deterioration of the renal disease is slow.  Renal biopsy in one patient revealed tubulointerstitial nephritis but no individuals have reached end-stage renal failure.

Genetics

Homozygous mutations in the SLC30A9 gene (4p13) are responsible for this disorder.  A single multigenerational consanguineous Bedouin family of 6 affected individuals has been reported with a transmission pattern consistent with autosomal recessive inheritance.

Pedigree: 
Autosomal recessive
Treatment
Treatment Options: 

No treatment for the general disorder has been reported.  Electrolytes should be monitored and metabolic issues resulting from kidney malfunction may need to be addressed.

References
Article Title: 

Epileptic Encephalopathy, Early Infantile 48

Clinical Characteristics
Ocular Features: 

Poor eye contact is present from infancy.  Optic atrophy has been reported in several patients and features of retinitis pigmentosa were present in sibs of one family.

Systemic Features: 

Infants usually present with hypotonia and feeding difficulties.  Global developmental delay is also noted early and becomes more obvious with time.  Seizures are often seen early and become intractable.  Many individuals have microcephaly.  Hypermobility with dyskinesias and hyporeflexia are often present.  Speech is generally absent and many individuals are unable to sit or walk.

Brain imaging often shows atrophy of the cerebrum and cerebellum accompanied by enlarged ventricles and a thin corpus callosum.

Genetics

Homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in the AP3B2 gene (15q25.2) can be responsible for this condition.

For another somewhat similar condition see early onset epileptic encephalopathy 28 (616211) with autosomal recessive inheritance.  For an autosomal dominant condition with a similar clinical picture, see early onset epileptic encephalopathy 47 (617166).

Pedigree: 
Autosomal recessive
Treatment
Treatment Options: 

No treatment has been reported.

References
Article Title: 

Autosomal-Recessive Mutations in AP3B2, Adaptor-Related Protein Complex 3 Beta 2 Subunit, Cause an Early-Onset Epileptic Encephalopathy with Optic Atrophy

Assoum M, Philippe C, Isidor B, Perrin L, Makrythanasis P, Sondheimer N, Paris C, Douglas J, Lesca G, Antonarakis S, Hamamy H, Jouan T, Duffourd Y, Auvin S, Saunier A, Begtrup A, Nowak C, Chatron N, Ville D, Mireskandari K, Milani P, Jonveaux P, Lemeur G, Milh M, Amamoto M, Kato M, Nakashima M, Miyake N, Matsumoto N, Masri A, Thauvin-Robinet C, Riviere JB, Faivre L, Thevenon J. Autosomal-Recessive Mutations in AP3B2, Adaptor-Related Protein Complex 3 Beta 2 Subunit, Cause an Early-Onset Epileptic Encephalopathy with Optic Atrophy. Am J Hum Genet. 2016 Dec 1;99(6):1368-1376.

PubMed ID: 
27889060

Clinical genomics expands the morbid genome of intellectual disability and offers a high diagnostic yield

Anazi S, Maddirevula S, Faqeih E, Alsedairy H, Alzahrani F, Shamseldin HE, Patel N, Hashem M, Ibrahim N, Abdulwahab F, Ewida N, Alsaif HS, Al Sharif H, Alamoudi W, Kentab A, Bashiri FA, Alnaser M, AlWadei AH, Alfadhel M, Eyaid W, Hashem A, Al Asmari A, Saleh MM, AlSaman A, Alhasan KA, Alsughayir M, Al Shammari M, Mahmoud A, Al-Hassnan ZN, Al-Husain M, Osama Khalil R, Abd El Meguid N, Masri A, Ali R, Ben-Omran T, El Fishway P, Hashish A, Ercan Sencicek A, State M, Alazami AM, Salih MA, Altassan N, Arold ST, Abouelhoda M, Wakil SM, Monies D, Shaheen R, Alkuraya FS. Clinical genomics expands the morbid genome of intellectual disability and offers a high diagnostic yield. Mol Psychiatry. 2016 Jul 19. doi: 10.1038/mp.2016.113. [Epub ahead of print].

PubMed ID: 
27431290
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